Tel Aviv Tmas 38 (תמ"א 38) Renovation — Strengthening vs Demolition-Reconstruction

If you own an apartment in a pre-1980 Tel Aviv building, there is a reasonable chance your building is Tmas 38 eligible — and a reasonable chance someone has already slipped a developer's flyer under your door offering to "renew" it for free. The premise sounds too good: a developer pays for seismic retrofitting, adds an elevator, expands your unit by 25 square meters, throws in parking and storage, and you pay nothing. In exchange, they build extra floors on top and sell those new apartments at Tel Aviv market prices. Everyone wins.

The reality is more complicated than the flyer. Tmas 38 is not one program — it is at least three distinct pathways (Tmas 38/1, Tmas 38/2, and Tmas 38/3), each with different consent thresholds, different construction timelines, different owner obligations, and different risk profiles. The 2022-2024 national reform reshaped developer economics across several Tel Aviv neighborhoods, and some routes that were attractive in 2018 no longer pencil out in 2026. Pinui-Binui — the program most often confused with Tmas 38 — is a completely separate state-administered framework operating at the block-and-neighborhood scale rather than the single-building scale.

This guide walks Tel Aviv apartment owners, building committees (va'ad bayit / ועד בית), and Israeli expat real-estate investors through the real structure of Tmas 38 as it stands in 2026: which program fits which building, what the licensing stack actually looks like on the ground, how the permit sequence flows through the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality Planning Committee, and what AskBaily verifies before matching any project to a Kablan Ressom (קבלן רשום) and architect.

One thing up front: AskBaily is a matching platform, not a developer and not a kablan. Baily sends your scope to one Israeli-licensed kablan ressom and one registered architect with Tmas 38 project experience in Tel Aviv — not to twelve strangers who pay for your contact details. That single-match positioning is how the platform works globally, and it matters more in Tel Aviv than in most cities because the information asymmetry between developers and apartment owners on Tmas 38 projects is severe.

Why Tmas 38 exists (the 1980 seismic-code threshold)

Tmas 38 is Tochnit Matar Artzit 38 (תכנית מתאר ארצית 38) — National Outline Plan Number 38 — originally enacted by the Israeli government in 2005 and expanded through the 2010s.¹ The purpose is narrow and specific: retrofit pre-1980 Israeli buildings against earthquake risk without direct government expenditure.

Israel sits on the Dead Sea Transform fault, which runs the length of the country along the Jordan Rift Valley. The fault is seismically active and capable of generating large earthquakes — the 1927 Jericho earthquake (magnitude ~6.2) and historical records of earlier events make clear that Israel is not seismically quiet. Despite this, Israel did not enforce a national seismic building code until approximately 1980. The Israeli Standard 413 (תקן ישראלי 413) — the country's structural seismic design standard — came into regulatory force at that point, and buildings permitted before the transition are classified as seismically vulnerable by default.

The Israeli Ministry of Construction and Housing estimates that approximately 80,000 pre-1980 buildings across Israel need seismic retrofitting. Direct government funding for a retrofit program at that scale was never politically viable. Tmas 38 was the workaround: instead of paying for retrofits, the state changed planning law to let developers add floors and units to existing buildings in exchange for funding the structural work. The extra units get sold; the structural work gets done; the existing owners get upgrades at no out-of-pocket cost.

Tel Aviv is central to this program. A large share of Tel Aviv's residential building stock — particularly in the Old North (Tzafon HaYashan), New North (Tzafon HaChadash), Florentin, Neve Tzedek, Yad Eliyahu, Ramat Aviv, and similar neighborhoods — was built between 1948 and 1980. Much of it is four-to-six-story walk-ups on small-to-medium plots, which is roughly the built-form Tmas 38 was designed around.

Tmas 38/1 vs Tmas 38/2 — strengthening vs reconstruction

There are two main Tmas 38 pathways, and the distinction controls almost every downstream decision on a project.

Tmas 38/1 — "Strengthening" / חיזוק. The existing building stays standing. A licensed structural engineer specifies a reinforcement scheme — typically new reinforced-concrete shear walls added at the ground floor and stair core, foundation strengthening to handle new loads, and sometimes column jacketing. The developer usually adds one to three new floors on top of the existing building, often expands each existing unit by up to 25 square meters (this varies by permit), adds an elevator if the building doesn't have one, and adds storage and parking where the plot allows.

Tenants generally stay in place during Tmas 38/1 construction. The work is disruptive — noise, dust, scaffolding — but it does not require relocation. Owner consent threshold: two-thirds (66.67%) of unit owners must agree, calculated by unit count weighted by property rights under the amended Building and Planning Law.²

Tmas 38/2 — "Demolition + Reconstruction" / הריסה ובנייה מחדש. The existing building is torn down entirely and a new compliant building is constructed on the same plot. Existing owners receive a new apartment in the new building — typically slightly larger than the original, built to current seismic and accessibility code, with parking, storage, and elevator access as standard. The developer profits from the extra units that fit into the new, denser building.

Tenants must relocate during Tmas 38/2 construction. The developer is legally obligated to either provide equivalent alternate housing or pay rental compensation sufficient to cover it. Owner consent threshold: 80% of unit owners, which is deliberately higher than Tmas 38/1 because the disruption is much greater and the legal entanglement is much deeper.²

The practical decision between 38/1 and 38/2 comes down to four factors: (1) the condition of the existing structure — very old or very damaged buildings may not be worth retrofitting; (2) the plot's development potential — a plot that can support a much denser new building favors 38/2; (3) owner risk tolerance — 38/1 keeps you in your apartment but gives you less value; (4) developer economics — in some Tel Aviv neighborhoods, post-2024 reform numbers only work for 38/2.

Tmas 38/3 + Pinui-Binui — distinct programs often confused

Two adjacent programs get confused with Tmas 38/1 and 38/2. They are legally and operationally distinct.

Tmas 38/3 — combined urban renewal. This is a newer variant within the Tmas 38 framework where multiple adjacent buildings consolidate into a joint reconstruction project with shared open space, shared parking structures, and a unified master plan. It is used where individual-building Tmas 38/2 would produce an awkward urban outcome — for example, three small walk-ups on tiny plots that together could support one well-designed mid-rise with proper setbacks and a shared courtyard.

Tmas 38/3 is still owner-driven and building-scale in legal initiation, but the approvals and design work at the block scale. Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality has used 38/3 selectively in several New North and Yad Eliyahu blocks.

Pinui-Binui (פינוי-בינוי) — "Evacuation and Reconstruction." This is a completely separate national urban-renewal program, administered through the Israeli government's Urban Renewal Authority (רשות ההתחדשות העירונית). Pinui-Binui operates at the neighborhood scale — entire blocks or groups of blocks are designated by the state and redeveloped together. It is not owner-initiated; it is state-designated, with the municipality and Urban Renewal Authority driving the process. Unit-owner consent thresholds, compensation structures, and developer selection all follow different rules than Tmas 38.

The confusion is understandable — both programs demolish old buildings and replace them with denser new ones, and in a few Tel Aviv projects the programs overlap. But a Tel Aviv owner asking "should I do Tmas 38 or Pinui-Binui?" is asking a question that often doesn't apply, because the owner usually does not get to choose — the building's zoning overlay and the municipality's urban-renewal designation determine which program is available, not the owners' preference.

Owner consent thresholds (2/3 vs 80%)

The consent thresholds are codified in the Building and Planning Law (חוק התכנון והבנייה) and related amendments.² They matter because they control whether a project can move forward and what holdout neighbors can block.

• Tmas 38/1 — two-thirds consent. Calculated across all unit owners in the building, weighted by property rights (not strict headcount — larger units count more). A single holdout in a small building can block a project; in a larger building, a minority holdout typically cannot.

• Tmas 38/2 — 80% consent. The higher threshold reflects the greater disruption and the permanent change to the building. 80% is difficult but not impossible in a well-run building committee.

• Pinui-Binui — varies. The program has its own thresholds that have changed over time. Generally higher than Tmas 38/2.

When consent falls short, the law provides mechanisms. Holdouts can be compelled under specific conditions where the project is determined by an independent appraiser to be clearly in the holdout's economic interest and where the holdout is judged to be acting unreasonably. These cases go through specialized courts and are fact-intensive. Holdouts are also entitled to independent evaluation and legal representation — a reasonable Tel Aviv holdout will retain their own structural engineer and attorney before signing or refusing.

The practical reality on most Tmas 38 projects is that the consent phase takes 6-18 months before any construction contract is signed. This is a normal part of the timeline, not a project failure.

Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality implementation specifics

Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality (עיריית תל אביב-יפו) has been one of the more aggressive Tmas 38 promoters among Israeli municipalities.³ A large share of the city's pre-1980 building stock sits in neighborhoods that are Tmas-38 eligible, and the municipality's Planning Department has worked to streamline approvals where the proposed project fits the city's urban vision.

A few neighborhood-specific notes that matter in 2026:

• Florentin — mixed-use, originally light-industrial and working-class residential, now heavily gentrified. Many Tmas 38/2 projects in recent years. Height limits moderate; plots often small.

• Neve Tzedek — partially protected as a conservation zone. Tmas 38 is possible on most buildings but not on designated heritage structures. Always verify the specific building's status with the Planning Department.

• Old North (Tzafon HaYashan) — dense pre-1980 stock, active Tmas 38 market. Some streets have heritage overlays on specific facades.

• New North (Tzafon HaChadash) — Ramat Aviv area — newer stock (1960s-70s) on larger plots, often favorable for Tmas 38/3 combined projects.

• Yad Eliyahu — significant Tmas 38/2 activity, particularly where plot sizes support denser rebuilds.

• Old Jaffa (Yafo HaAtika) — extensive historic preservation overlay. Tmas 38 scope is limited; many buildings are excluded entirely or restricted to 38/1 strengthening without added floors. Verify every Jaffa project with the Preservation Department before signing.

The Tel Aviv Planning Committee publishes project submissions, and the municipality's online planning portal exposes building file information for most addresses. Before any owner signs a Tmas 38 developer agreement, a competent attorney should pull the building file and confirm: current zoning, heritage overlay status, permitted floor-area ratio (FAR), and any outstanding planning restrictions.

Kablan Ressom + Architect + Civil Engineer + Mefakeach Bniyah licensing stack

Israeli construction has a specific licensing stack, and all four layers are mandatory on a Tmas 38 project. A contractor who claims that one or another can be skipped is signaling that they are not a legitimate Tmas 38 operator.

Kablan Ressom (קבלן רשום) — Registered Contractor. The licensed construction contractor under the Registration of Contractors for Construction Engineering Works Law, 1969 (חוק רישום קבלנים לעבודות הנדסה בנאיות, התשכ"ט-1969).⁴ Registration is maintained by the Registrar of Contractors within the Ministry of Construction and Housing. Contractors are classified by project type and by monetary limit — higher classes can take on larger-value projects. Tmas 38/2 in Tel Aviv generally requires a contractor in one of the higher monetary classes because project values easily cross tens of millions of shekels.

Note that Kablan Ressom is a different legal regime from the US Contractors State License Board — it is not a direct equivalent. The verification process, monetary classification system, insurance requirements, and disciplinary mechanisms are all specific to Israeli law.

Architect (Adrikhal / אדריכל). Architects in Israel are licensed through the Architects and Urban Planners Council, under the Engineers and Architects Law, 1958 (חוק המהנדסים והאדריכלים, התשי"ח-1958), administered by the Ministry of Justice.⁵ A licensed architect must prepare and sign the architectural plans submitted with the building permit application. On Tmas 38 projects, the architect's work includes the new floor plans, the integration of new floors with the existing structure (for 38/1), the full new building (for 38/2), and compliance with current accessibility and design codes.

Civil/Structural Engineer (Mehandes Binyan / מהנדס בניין). Licensed through the Engineers Council under the same 1958 law.⁶ The civil engineer is responsible for the structural calculations — the earthquake analysis, the reinforcement design on 38/1 projects, the full structural design on 38/2 projects, and the foundation design. The engineer's signed calculations are required with the permit application and cannot be substituted by the architect's work.

Construction Supervisor (Mefakeach Bniyah / מפקח בנייה). Independent construction supervision is mandatory on Tmas 38 projects. The Mefakeach Bniyah is a separate licensed professional — not the contractor, not the architect — whose role is to verify that construction matches the approved plans and meets code. On Tmas 38/2 projects this role is especially important because the owners are typically not on site and need an independent professional watching the work.

Baily's pre-match verification confirms all four layers before any Tel Aviv project is routed to a matched partner: active Kablan Ressom registration with appropriate monetary class, active architect registration with the Architects Council, active engineer registration with the Engineers Council, and a named Mefakeach Bniyah with Tmas 38 project history.

Permit + approval sequence (6-18 months)

The approval path on a Tel Aviv Tmas 38 project is ordered and generally cannot be shortcut. A rough sequence:

1. Building survey + structural assessment. A licensed civil engineer evaluates the existing structure, confirms it is pre-1980 and eligible, and produces a preliminary reinforcement or reconstruction analysis. This informs the choice between 38/1 and 38/2.

2. Architectural concept + planning permit application. The architect prepares a concept and then a full planning permit application (heter bniyah / היתר בנייה) for submission to the Tel Aviv Municipality Planning Committee. This includes floor plans, elevations, structural drawings signed by the civil engineer, and compliance documentation.

3. Owner consent collection + legal documentation. Tmas 38/1 requires two-thirds consent, Tmas 38/2 requires 80%. Consent is documented through notary-certified agreements and typically accompanied by a detailed developer contract specifying scope, timeline, alternate-housing provisions (for 38/2), and compensation for any deviation from the baseline offer.

4. Financing arrangements. For Tmas 38/1 the developer is typically self-financed or bank-financed against the value of the new floors they will sell. For Tmas 38/2 developer financing is usually structured around a bank guarantee (arvut bankayit / ערבות בנקאית) provided to existing owners to secure their new apartments against developer default.

5. Building permit issuance. Once the Planning Committee approves, the building permit is issued. Typical timeline from full submission to issuance in Tel Aviv: 6-18 months, depending on project complexity, heritage-overlay interactions, and committee load.

6. Construction. Typical Tmas 38/1 construction duration: 12-24 months. Typical Tmas 38/2 construction duration: 24-36 months. Tmas 38/3 combined projects often take 30-42 months.

7. Final approval and move-in (Tofes 4 / טופס 4). The Form 4 occupancy certificate from the municipality is required before owners can legally occupy the finished building or new units. The Mefakeach Bniyah's sign-off is part of this process.

End-to-end, a Tel Aviv Tmas 38 project typically runs 3-5 years from initiation (first developer meeting) to occupancy of the completed building.

Financial reality: who pays for what

The financial structure is the part most frequently misrepresented by developer marketing material.

Tmas 38/1 — Strengthening.

• Developer pays: all structural retrofitting, the new floors and units built on top, the new elevator (if added), the new storage and parking (where plot allows), the 25-square-meter extension to each existing unit, and baseline finishing specified in the contract.
• Developer earns: revenue from selling the new units on the added floors.
• Existing owner pays: personal-choice upgrades beyond the baseline finish, typically in the range of ₪0-₪50,000 per unit depending on what the owner adds. Some owners pay zero. Some owners pay more if they want premium finishes, custom kitchens, or expanded scope beyond the developer's baseline.
• Existing owner earns: a substantially more valuable apartment — reinforced building, added square meters, elevator, parking, and storage. Tel Aviv market valuation of these improvements typically ranges in the hundreds of thousands to low millions of shekels per unit depending on neighborhood.

Tmas 38/2 — Demolition and Reconstruction.

• Developer pays: demolition, construction of the entire new building, alternate housing for existing owners during construction (typically 24-36 months of rent), professional fees, and municipal fees.
• Developer earns: revenue from selling the additional units in the new, denser building beyond the original unit count.
• Existing owner pays: their personal moving costs, their own choices on finishes beyond the baseline provided by the developer, and any personal upgrades to their new unit. Out-of-pocket is typically modest relative to the value received — generally tens of thousands of shekels rather than hundreds of thousands — but it is not always zero.
• Existing owner earns: a new apartment in a new, code-compliant building, typically slightly larger than the original, with parking, storage, and elevator as standard.

Standard Tel Aviv renovation without Tmas 38 (for reference).

• Basic interior remodel: ₪2,500 to ₪5,500 per square meter.
• Premium full renovation in Tel Aviv North: ₪5,500 to ₪12,000+ per square meter.
• All construction services in Israel are subject to 17% VAT (Mas Erech Musaf / מע"מ).

A Tel Aviv owner weighing "should I do a private renovation or wait for Tmas 38?" should model the opportunity cost — a private ₪400,000 renovation locks in value today but does not deliver the reinforced structure, added square meters, elevator, or new construction quality that a Tmas 38 project would deliver at near-zero out-of-pocket cost three to five years from now.

2022-2024 reform impact

The Israeli government tightened Tmas 38 criteria between 2022 and 2024 in response to concerns about over-development, traffic strain, and infrastructure capacity in several areas. The reform did not eliminate Tmas 38. It reshaped the economics.

Key changes:

• Developer incentives were reduced in some areas — particularly areas where the pre-reform economics were generously favoring developers over public-infrastructure planning. This made some neighborhoods less attractive to developers in 2026 than they were in 2018.

• Certain route variants were phased out or restricted, with the government signaling that the next national framework would focus on the state-administered Pinui-Binui program and on urban-renewal schemes tied directly to transit infrastructure.

• The government announced intentions to sunset Tmas 38 in its current form on a specific future date, though the transition timeline has been extended multiple times and is subject to further legislation.

What this means in 2026 for a Tel Aviv owner:

1. Tmas 38 is reformed, not dead. Projects are still being initiated, approved, and completed in Tel Aviv. The pipeline is full.

2. The specific economics depend more on the neighborhood than they did pre-reform. A project that pencils in Florentin may not pencil three kilometers away in an area where infrastructure constraints capped added density.

3. Timing matters. Owners considering initiating a Tmas 38 project should move on verification and consent collection reasonably quickly, because the next national framework may substitute for Tmas 38 in future years and the transition provisions will favor projects already in the pipeline.

4. "Developer shopping" dynamics have shifted. In some Tel Aviv neighborhoods in 2018, multiple developers competed aggressively for the same building. In 2026, some neighborhoods see fewer competing offers, and owners have less leverage to negotiate than they did five years ago. In other neighborhoods the competition is still strong.

Risks: timelines, holdouts, developer failure

Three risk categories dominate Tel Aviv Tmas 38 projects.

Timeline risk. A 3-5 year total project runway is long. During that window, Tel Aviv real-estate prices move, interest rates move, construction costs move, and the developer's financial position can change. Owners who signed contracts in one market environment may reach construction in a very different one.

Holdout risk. Consent thresholds are not trivial to reach. A Tmas 38/2 project requires 80% — in a 20-unit building that is 16 owners aligned, and 4 holdouts can block the entire project until legal mechanisms resolve the impasse. Legal-resolution processes can add 12-24 months. Developer contracts typically include holdout-resolution clauses, but those clauses do not eliminate the risk.

Developer failure risk. A developer who goes insolvent mid-project is the worst-case scenario for owners. For Tmas 38/1, the existing building is still standing, which limits the downside. For Tmas 38/2, the existing building has been demolished and the owners are living in alternate housing funded by the developer — if the developer fails, the funding for alternate housing stops, the construction stops, and owners face a complex legal recovery that can take years.

The bank guarantee (arvut bankayit / ערבות בנקאית) provided to existing owners on Tmas 38/2 projects is specifically designed to protect against this scenario — it is a bank's legal commitment to cover the delivery of the new apartments even if the developer fails. The quality of the bank guarantee is therefore one of the most important things an owner's attorney should verify before signing a Tmas 38/2 contract. A weak guarantee or a guarantee conditioned on events that might not be met provides weak protection.

Owner legal counsel independent of the developer is not optional on a Tmas 38 project. The developer's attorney represents the developer. The building committee's attorney — paid for by the developer under typical contracts but retained to represent owner interests — represents the owners. Do not accept shared representation.

What Baily verifies before any Tel Aviv match

AskBaily's Tel Aviv match process runs four verification layers before any project is routed to a partner:

1. Kablan Ressom registration. Active registration in the Registrar of Contractors, with a monetary class appropriate to the project size. Tmas 38/2 projects in Tel Aviv require higher classes than interior remodels. Expired or suspended registrations disqualify the contractor from Baily's match pool.

2. Architect and Engineer registration. Active registration with the Architects Council and the Engineers Council respectively. Licenses are verified at match time, not at onboarding, so a lapse between onboarding and the specific project would catch it.

3. Tmas 38 project history. Baily requires at least three completed Tmas 38 projects — whether 38/1, 38/2, or 38/3 — in Tel Aviv or adjacent municipalities before a partner appears in the Tel Aviv Tmas 38 match pool. Tmas 38 is not a first-time project for any of the matched professionals.

4. Mefakeach Bniyah identification. Any Tmas 38 project scope submitted to Baily is paired with a named independent construction supervisor, not the contractor's in-house supervisor. Baily verifies the supervisor's separate licensure and their independence from the matched contractor.

One match, not twelve. The positioning holds in Tel Aviv for the same reason it holds in every other AskBaily market: the owners on a Tmas 38 project need a professional partner with aligned incentives, not a competitive sales funnel where their phone number gets sold to everyone with a license.

Frequently Asked Questions

What's the difference between Tmas 38/1 and Tmas 38/2 in Tel Aviv?

Tmas 38/1 ("Strengthening") keeps your existing building intact and adds reinforcement — typically concrete shear walls, foundation strengthening, and sometimes 1-3 additional floors built on top. Tenants stay in place during construction. Owner consent threshold: 2/3 of unit owners. Tmas 38/2 ("Demolition + Reconstruction") tears down the existing building entirely and rebuilds it new from scratch. Tenants relocate during construction (developer typically pays alternate housing). Owner consent threshold: 80% of unit owners. Tmas 38/2 creates more value (new compliant building, more units, more parking) but takes longer (24-36 months vs 12-24) and is more disruptive.

Is Tmas 38 the same as Pinui-Binui?

No. Tmas 38 is a per-building, owner-initiated national-outline-plan framework that allows developers to fund retrofits in exchange for adding floors. Pinui-Binui (פינוי-בינוי) is a separate neighborhood-scale urban renewal program administered by the Israeli Urban Renewal Authority where the state designates entire blocks for joint redevelopment. The programs have different consent thresholds, different initiation paths, different developer-selection processes, and different compensation structures. A specific building's zoning and urban-renewal designation usually determines which program is available — owners rarely choose between them directly.

Was Tmas 38 eliminated in the 2022-2024 reform?

No — it was reformed, not eliminated. The government tightened developer incentives in some areas, phased out certain route variants, and signaled intent to transition toward state-administered Pinui-Binui and transit-linked urban renewal as the primary framework long-term. But Tmas 38 remains active in Tel Aviv in 2026, projects are being approved and completed, and the transition timeline has been extended multiple times. Owners currently considering projects should verify the specific route's status in their neighborhood with a qualified attorney before signing.

Do I really pay ₪0 out of pocket on a Tmas 38 project in Tel Aviv?

On a well-structured Tmas 38/1 project, structural work and baseline unit expansion are fully developer-funded and owners pay nothing for those. Owner out-of-pocket typically runs ₪0-₪50,000 per unit and comes entirely from personal-choice upgrades beyond the baseline — premium finishes, custom kitchens, additional work scope, and similar elective items. On Tmas 38/2, owners pay their own moving costs and any personal choices in the new unit, but the core transaction (new apartment in new building) is developer-funded. Anyone quoting ₪0 as an absolute guarantee on either program should be questioned — the contract language matters.

What professionals do I need on a Tel Aviv Tmas 38 project?

Four licensed professionals are mandatory: (1) a Kablan Ressom (קבלן רשום / Registered Contractor) with appropriate monetary class for the project size; (2) a licensed Architect (אדריכל) registered with the Architects Council; (3) a licensed Civil/Structural Engineer (מהנדס בניין) registered with the Engineers Council; and (4) a Mefakeach Bniyah (מפקח בנייה / Construction Supervisor) who is independent from the contractor and separately licensed. Any developer or contractor suggesting you can skip any of the four is signaling they are not a legitimate Tmas 38 operator. Independent legal counsel for the owners — separate from the developer's attorney — is also effectively mandatory and should not be skipped.

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Footnotes

1. Israeli Ministry of Construction and Housing, National Outline Plan 38 (Tochnit Matar Artzit 38) official documentation, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/topics/urban_renewal. ↩

2. Israeli Building and Planning Law (חוק התכנון והבנייה) and related amendments governing Tmas 38 owner-consent thresholds and holdout procedures, published via Knesset legislation archive, https://www.knesset.gov.il. ↩ ↩² ↩³

3. Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality Planning and Building Department (עיריית תל אביב-יפו — אגף תכנון ובנייה), https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il. ↩

4. Registration of Contractors for Construction Engineering Works Law, 1969 (חוק רישום קבלנים לעבודות הנדסה בנאיות, התשכ"ט-1969), administered by the Registrar of Contractors, Ministry of Construction and Housing, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_construction_and_housing. ↩

5. Engineers and Architects Law, 1958 (חוק המהנדסים והאדריכלים, התשי"ח-1958) — Architects and Urban Planners Council, Ministry of Justice, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/the_architects_and_urban_planners_council. ↩

6. Engineers and Architects Law, 1958 — Engineers Council, Ministry of Justice, https://www.gov.il/en/departments/the_engineers_council. ↩